Sindromul hemolitic-uremic, date necesare practicianului

Uremic toxins: classification

Prezentare de două cazuri şi review al literaturii Adverse maternal and fetal outcomes in pregnant patients with chronic kidney disease. From an obstetrical perspective, the main complications for the developing pregnancy are often represented by preeclampsia or preterm delivery, in addition to the progression of their underlying renal dys­func­tion on a continuously increasing physiologic de­mands. If a pregnancy is considered, preconception coun­se­ling is advised.

The lower the stage of CKD, the safer it is to consider in conceiving; however, in recent years, pregnancy in advanced or end-stage renal disease ESRDwhile on dialysis, is not a rare event, as overall out­come for those with advanced CKD has improved over time.

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The final risk of negative maternal-fetal outcomes is inversely related to renal function and increases with pro­tei­nuria. A multidisciplinary approach involving obs­te­tri­cians, nephrologists and also neonatologists is needed in order to improve pregnancy outcomes in wo­men with chronic kidney disease. The frequency of ne­phro­lo­gi­cal and obstetrical examination for pregnant CKD patients should be individualized for each patient.

Keywords chronic kidney disease, pregnancy, preterm delivery, preeclampsia Rezumat Incidenţa sarcinii la pacientele cu boală renală cronică BRC este în continuă creştere, în ciuda faptului că patologia renală se asociază cu o creştere a morbidităţii materne şi fetale.

Din punct de vedere obstetrical, principalele complicaţii ce pot pune în pericol sarcina sunt adesea reprezentate de preeclampsie sau naştere prematură, complicaţii ce apar suplimentar progresiei disfuncţiei renale, suprapusă nevoilor fiziologice în continuă creştere.

Atunci când un cuplu ia în considerare obţinerea unei sarcini, se recomandă consiliere preconcepţională.

uremic toxins: classification

Cu cât aspect de model BRC este mai mic, cu atât este mai sigură obţinerea unei sar­cini, însă în ultimii ani sarcina obţinută în stadii avansate sau în stadiul terminal al bolii renale cronice ESRDîn timpul tra­ta­mentului de substituţie renală dializănu mai este un eveniment rar, întrucât prognosticul pentru aceste paciente s-a îmbunătăţit de-a lungul timpului.

Riscul final al impactului ne­ga­tiv materno-fetal este invers uremic toxins: classification cu funcţia renală şi creş­te cu proteinuria. O abordare multidisciplinară, care im­pli­că me­di­cul obstetrician, nefrolog şi, de asemenea, medicul neo­na­to­log, este necesară pentru a îmbunătăţi prognosticul sarcinii la pacientele cu boală renală cronică. Frecvenţa examinării ne­fro­lo­gice şi obstetricale la gravidele cu BRC trebuie individualizată şi adaptată fiecărei paciente.

Cuvinte cheie boală renală cronică sarcină uremic toxins: classification prematură preeclampsie Introduction Chronic kidney disease CKD is not as uncommon as thought, even though it compromises fertility, as most of the patients on dialysis suffer from amenorrhea or have anovulatory cycles 1. It has been suggested that early-stage CKD stages is present in pregnancies and advanced-stage CKD stages is present in pregnancies 3. Intensive hemodialysis, of at least 20 hours per week, has been shown to improve pregnancy outcomes, both for the mother as for the fetus, and it is at the moment a key therapeutic method for young women with advanced CKD and end-stage renal disease ESRD 4.

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There is a strict relationship between the intensity in manners of frequency and duration of the dialysis sessions and pregnancy results, thus leading to intensify dialysis up to daily, as we intended with the patients in our clinic, favoring long-hours treatment as compared to standard schedules 5.

A more intense dialysis schedule offers better disposal of uremic toxins that helps establish the natural balance and normal renal physiology and implicitly improve the placental blood flow 6thus offering a better chance of survival for the fetus. Uremic toxins: classification showed that a favorable prognosis for CKD patients is more likely as the level of serum uric acid is lower and also in the absence of hypertension before conceiving, data that can be documented by an adequate prenatal care and periodic medical check-up 8.

But this rarely happens, as many of the pregnant patients learn about their renal malfunction only after becoming pregnant, or even worse, in the late second trimester or in the third trimester of pregnancy, when differential diagnosis with preeclampsia is more difficult.

Along with all the biochemical and hemodynamic changes, our attention should also be directed to other aspects of the pregnant patient, such as mental health and well-being, as this disease can have a great emotional impact especially on young women, regarding their chronic disease or the impossibility of giving their child the best start-up in life 9.

Factors affecting pregnancy include hypertension, proteinuria and teratogenic medication. It is important to be able to inform before conceiving on the risks that the mother and the baby are exposed to during pregnancy, uremic toxins: classification order to take the best informed decision Cases presentation We present two cases that met the criteria for chronic kidney disease, described in pregnant uremic toxins: classification, admitted in the Obstetrics and Gynecology Department of the Bucharest University Emergency Hospital, Romania, during the past 1.

Our objective was to compare our cases and their outcome to existing data and research published so far.

uremic toxins: classification

Case 1 The first patient, a year-old Caucasian woman, presented at 31 weeks of pregnancy, previously admitted in the Nephrology Department of Bucharest University Emergency Hospital for chronic kidney disease and uremia, where she was undertaking hemodialysis sessions, by percutaneous catheterization of the internal jugular vein, up to two or three times per week.

Ever since, she was under antihypertensive medication, with nutritional support for renal disease, and eventually recombinant human erythropoietin associated with iron supplements. She previously had a successful pregnancy and parturition, at the age of 22 years old, with just a urinary tract infection during the third trimester, with no following complications.

We also noted general information about lifestyle, heredocolateral history, and personal physiological and pathological history — she denied any toxic environment papilom sub forumul ochilor, alcohol or drug consumption.

She was a nurse practitioner for about 15 years. To be noted: the patient had a relative on maternal line, the maternal aunt, with unilateral renal hypoplasia. No other events to be noted. At the moment of her admission in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of the Bucharest University Emergency Hospital, both the obstetrical and nephrological teams were focused on offering the best prenatal and intrapartum care. We performed daily ultrasound examination and non-stress test, as well as renal function monitoring by daily blood samples.

Dexamethasone for induction of lung maturation was previously administered at standard doses. The patient was slightly malnourished, with poor representation of adipose tissue.

She had a moderate anemia hemoglobin was 7.

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The variations of hemoglobin, creatinine, uric acid, and urea during the admission in the Department of Obste­trics and Gynecology of the Bucharest University Emergency Hospital are presented in Figure 1. She received the appropriate treatment, including two units of blood transfusions and recombinant human erythropoietin. Figure 1.

uremic toxins: classification

Variations of hemoglobin, creatinine, uric acid, and urea in Case 1, under hemodialysis treatment Despite the hemodialysis treatment and her antihypertensive drugs, her blood pressure became impossible to control, interchanging different medication, and the immediate intervention was needed — she delivered by caesarean section at 32 weeks of pregnancy, for fetal uremic toxins: classification, a g male, evaluated at 6 in Apgar score at 1 minute and wartox plantar 7 and 5 minutes, who required intubation in the intensive care unit.

The postoperative recovery was uncomplicated during the first three days, with standard recovery after delivery by caesarean section, until the fourth day, when the patient presented with high blood pressure, nonres­ponsive to different types of treatment and a headache with frontal-occipital location for which we performed a cranial CT scan, yet uremic toxins: classification normal results.

In the fifth day after the surgery, the patient was transferred to the Nephrology Department of the Bucharest University Emergency Hospital for further investigations and treatment.

uremic toxins: classification

Case 2 The second case is a younger patient, a year-old female, with 22 weeks of pregnancy, with end-stage renal disease and hypertensive disorder, anemia and metabolic acidosis. She was referred to the Nephrology Department of the Bucharest University Emergency Hospital by her gynecologist for nitrogen retention, then being transferred in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of the Bucharest University Emergency Hospital.

Sindromul hemolitic-uremic, date necesare practicianului

In regards to personal medical history, it is important to mention that the uremic toxins: classification was diagnosed since childhood with anemia for which she was treated with iron supplements, not further investigated, and she was also diagnosed with multiple episodes of urinary tract infections accompanied by lumbar pain, not being accompanied by gross hematuria, fever or shiver. The first renal ultrasound evaluation was two years prior to the admission in our hospital, when she was diagnosed with unilateral right renal hypoplasia, with parenchymal index of 5 mm and a grade 1 ureterohydronephrosis on the left side.

Figure 2. Variations of hemoglobin, creatinine, uric acid, and urea in Case 2, under hemodialysis treatment Ever since the first weeks of pregnancy, the patient presented with high blood pressure max. SBP — mmHg for which she underwent treatment with methyldopa. Until 18 weeks of pregnancy, the patient did not go to her regular follow-up visits to the gynecologist.

The level of hemoglobin was 6.

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The variations of hemoglobin, creatinine, uric acid, and urea during the admission in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology tratamentul viermilor cronici the Bucharest University Emergency Hospital are presented in Figure 2.

During admission in the hospital, it was administered antihypertensive treatment, two units of blood transfusion, recombinant human erythropoietin, and alkali treatment for metabolic acidosis. Several ultrasound examinations of the kidneys have been performed Figure 3.

uremic toxins: classification

Figure 3. Ultrasound images of the two kidneys: 1. She delivered uremic toxins: classification caesarean section, at 31 weeks of pregnancy for fetal distress, a g male baby, evaluated at 4 in Apgar score at 1 minute and at 6 and 5 minutes. The postoperative evolution of the mother was favorable. The newborn was admitted in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, and he also had a good evolution.

Discussion CKD is defined as an abnormal structure or function of the kidney, which persists for more than three months, with implications on health condition. The glomerular filtration rate GFR indicates the condition of the excretory function and is considered the uremic toxins: classification overall index of kidney function, at the same time being an easy to measure index, from the results of blood creatinine test, age, body size and gender.

Imbasciati et al. Chronic kidney disease may present with a large variety uremic toxins: classification causes, the most frequent being diabetes, high blood pressure, polycystic kidney or glomerulonephritis, yet the exact evidence of kidney damage during pregnancy is difficult to obtain because of the limitation on radiologic tests that can be performed during this time In our case, the scintigraphy evaluation for renal functionality was performed prior to the moment of conceiving.

The risk for adverse pregnancy outcome increases from stage 1 to stage 5 CKD and may be higher in glomerular nephropathies, autoimmune disease or diabetes Pre-pregnancy evaluation is needed in order to optimize the end result of the whole process, as the best outcome for the mother and for the fetus is desirable. The lack of clear evidence for o clasă de viermi best methods in taking care of such cases, being more difficult as the stage of CKD is more advanced, forces the physician to find more appropriate management methods.

Thus, the approach may differ from one center to another, being more suitable as the team is multidisciplinary, including the obstetrician, nephrologist, maternal-fetal medicine specialist, and neonatal intensive care unit As mentioned before, pre-conceiving evaluation also needs to include proper counseling as patients with CKD need to be informed about the risk involved, regarding worsening of their renal condition, the fetal risks i.

Patients who have benefited from these information declared a positive experience 10, In the last years, there have been published numerous studies presenting the bidirectional impact regarding the CKD and the pregnancy — by the high risk pregnancy in women with CKD oxiurose tratamento hypertension and proteinuria, but also by the negative impact of the pregnancy on the already damaged renal function and structure, as these became more frequent by obtaining a pregnancy even in the end stage of the renal disease.

As mentioned before, even the first stages of renal disease predispose both the mother and the fetus to increasing morbidity and mortality It is known that the risk increases with the degree of renal insufficiency and is further heightened by coexisting hypertension and proteinuria 4.

As such, pregnancies occurring in young women with advanced renal insufficiency can result in significantly compromised maternal and fetal well-being. According to Piccoli et al. These differences were significant even for the stage 1 of CKD, being more pronounced as the severity increased.

Those results were îndepărtarea verucilor genitale cu negi genitale correlated with the severity of proteinuria The adverse maternal and fetal events of CKD during pregnancy are menu détox foie in Table 1.

Table 1. Adverse maternal and fetal events of CKD during pregnancy modified after Picolli, 20 The pregnant patient with chronic kidney disease re­presents a challenging case, because there is insufficient experience in managing such cases, being more difficult as the stage of CKD is more advanced; but nowadays, tipuri de ouă de helmint incidence of these cases is increasing, mostly due to an effective collaboration between the obstetrician, nephrologist, maternal-fetal medicine specialists and neonatologist, and conceiving even in the end stage renal disease is not an uncommon event Another study, published uremic toxins: classification analyzed 80 pregnant patients over a period of 11 years, showed similar results on the overall feto-maternal outcome.

Fetal short-term outcome was also affected, the complications consisting in intrauterine growth restriction, uremic toxins: classification Apgar score at 5 minutes, or need for intensive care unit; all the complications were encountered with increased frequency when compared to the general population A close monitoring and a more intense dialysis regimen lead to a better outcome of the overall feto-maternal state, mimicking a near normal renal function, disposing the uremic toxins.

Thus, it would be created a better environment for the fetus and a proper placental blood flow, even in the advanced CKD 6, As early asthe incidence of pregnancy while on dialysis was reported to be 0.

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Another report published in showed similar results regarding the maternal and fetal outcome. The authors concluded that preeclampsia and proteinuria could be two independent risk factors for the adverse perinatal outcome In present time, Kendrick et al. Kidney disease was also associated with two-fold increased odds of low birth weight OR: 2. Fink et al. These data demonstrate that women with underlying renal disease are at increased risk for adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes.